atom temperature

•

A sample cell ( placed) just (or immediately) beyond the focus of a convex lens produced a strong thermal lens.

•

The atom temperature immediately behind the shock wave was measured.

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Metallurgy

[br]

[br]

[br]

Coolidge obtained his BS from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1896, and his PhD (physics) from the University of Leipzig in 1899. He was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics at MIT in 1904, and in 1905 he joined the staff of the General Electric Company's research laboratory at Schenectady. In 1905 Schenectady was trying to make tungsten-filament lamps to counter the competition of the tantalum-filament lamps then being produced by their German rival Siemens. The first tungsten lamps made by Just and Hanaman in Vienna in 1904 had been too fragile for general use. Coolidge and his life-long collaborator, Colin G. Fink, succeeded in 1910 by hot-working directly dense sintered tungsten compacts into wire. This success was the result of a flash of insight by Coolidge, who first perceived that fully recrystallized tungsten wire was always brittle and that only partially work-hardened wire retained a measure of ductility. This grasped, a process was developed which induced ductility into the wire by hot-working at temperatures below those required for full recrystallization, so that an elongated fibrous grain structure was progressively developed. Sintered tungsten ingots were swaged to bar at temperatures around 1,500°C and at the end of the process ductile tungsten filament wire was drawn through diamond dies around 550°C. This process allowed General Electric to dominate the world lamp market. Tungsten lamps consumed only one-third the energy of carbon lamps, and for the first time the cost of electric lighting was reduced to that of gas. Between 1911 and 1914, manufacturing licences for the General Electric patents had been granted for most of the developed work. The validity of the General Electric monopoly was bitterly contested, though in all the litigation that followed, Coolidge's fibering principle was upheld. Commercial arrangements between General Electric and European producers such as Siemens led to the name "Osram" being commonly applied to any lamp with a drawn tungsten filament. In 1910 Coolidge patented the use of thoria as a particular additive that greatly improved the high-temperature strength of tungsten filaments. From this development sprang the technique of "dispersion strengthening", still being widely used in the development of high-temperature alloys in the 1990s. In 1913 Coolidge introduced the first controllable hot-cathode X-ray tube, which had a tungsten target and operated in vacuo rather than in a gaseous atmosphere. With this equipment, medical radiography could for the first time be safely practised on a routine basis. During the First World War, Coolidge developed portable X-ray units for use in field hospitals, and between the First and Second World Wars he introduced between 1 and 2 million X-ray machines for cancer treatment and for industrial radiography. He became Director of the Schenectady laboratory in 1932, and from 1940 until 1944 he was Vice-President and Director of Research. After retirement he was retained as an X-ray consultant, and in this capacity he attended the Bikini atom bomb trials in 1946. Throughout the Second World War he was a member of the National Defence Research Committee.

[br]

. в зависимости от; изменяться в соответствии с кривой; классификация по; находиться в соответствии с; согласно; соответствие

•

In line with this assumption, we have devised a model of...

•

To modify the beach profile in response to changing wave conditions...

•

Evaporators for marine use are classed as horizontal or vertical by (or according to, or depending on) the position of their tubes.

•

The test report is performed in accord( ance) (or conformity, or compliance) with the specifications.

•

In keeping with the limitation of only four orbitals, the formation of double or triple bonds between atoms of these elements reduces the coordination number of the central atom.

•

The machine is designed and built to higher standards of accuracy.

•

The sketch can be interpreted in terms of either system.

•

The console pressure can be regulated to match the individual gauge range.

•

In the reactors designed around this approach the energy-carrying neutrons released by thermonuclear reactions will be absorbed in a lithium blanket.

•

These techniques must be selected in relation to the properties of the substances being separated.

* * *

 The specimens were tested at a frequency of approximately 130 Hz, following ASTM E466 [...].

 Fatigue life results of the bearings tested were statistically analyzed in accordance with the methods of [...].

 In agreement with this, it was found that the low ф machine went into a part-span stall.

 Also, in keeping with practice, the inter-plate spacing was made equal to the plate length.

 The section on low-pressure heating boilers now had testing and marking requirements in line with those of the power boiler section.

 (Tf -- Ts) is kept fixed by increasing Ts with time as required by the surface temperature, Ts.

 Normally, this value of radial clearance is established to match the bearing size.

 According to a previous investigation of dressing [...], fracture can occur within the grain.

 The Sh number increases in step with the wake turbulence.

 Install housing and grease per figure and table.

 They are metered by orifice plate assemblies built to conform to BS 1042.

 Pursuant to your request, I am confirming our consent to the publication of the book in two volumes.

 Floating roof tanks generally do not require protection when installed in compliance with Section...

•

Insulators are used to confine the passage of electricity to the desired paths in any circuit.

•

The transformer limits (or restricts, or confines) the bandpass to 2 Me.

•

The sample size has to be restricted to prevent overloading the column.

•

Considerations of symmetry constrain the choice of terms.

•

In a room-temperature computer the signal transmission properties of metallic conductors can severely constrain the maximum operating speed.

•

Our orbital model of the atom restricts the centralized nuclear region to a single electron pair.

•

The duration of usable laser energy for heating dense, freely expanding, small plasmas is bounded by two characteristic times.

•

Any line segment that partially bounds a plane geometric figure...

. в современном виде

•

One modern-day solution to these problems involves...

•

An up-to-date textbook...

•

In recent devices the conflicting demands of speed and sensitivity are met by...

•

Present-day processes of mineral accumulation are extremely slow.

•

Present views are outlined below.

•

Even the current models of the atom must be viewed as imperfect.

•

Contemporary crystal rectifiers resemble what is...

•

In modern practice, the evaporators are usually worked by bled steam.

•

Those boilers resembled the water-tube boiler of today.

•

Cycle temperatures greater than 2300°R have not been found to be practical because of limitations of the present high-temperature materials and present turbine-blade cooling techniques.

•

Present-day merchant vessels...

•

Present-day (or Modern) amphibians are highly specialized animals.

•

Current engines...

•

Today's aircraft...

. ослабляться; падать; сокращаться

•

The yearly motion of a star, resulting from the Earth's motion, grows smaller as the distance of a star increases.

•

The approximation decreases in accuracy with increasing molecular density.

•

Metals decrease (or show a decrease) in conductivity when heated.

•

The intensity of change is diminished.

•

When a positive ion is formed from an atom, there is a decrease in size. Detector noise tends to diminish (or decrease) with frequency.

•

The corrosion of aluminium alloys in boiling carbon tetrachloride dropped rapidly as the magnesium content increased.

•

The yield falls to 80% at 1000°.

•

The equilibrium constant will fall (or decline) with a rise in temperature. This current gain should fall off with increasing emitter current.

•

Specific weight goes down (or drops) as the engine diameter is reduced.

•

In this atmosphere oxygen is reduced to 100 ppm.

•

The rate of reaction ultimately tapers off.

•

Under anaerobic conditions, free hydrogen production is lowered for the first three bacteria.